ARMS2 rs10490924: Understanding Your Genetic Risk for AMD
The rs10490924 variant is a well-studied genetic marker located within the ARMS2 gene on chromosome 10. It is strongly associated with an increased risk of developing age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a common eye condition that affects central vision.
What each genotype means
Lower risk profile
This genotype is considered the non-risk or protective version of the ARMS2 variant. Individuals with this genotype do not carry the specific genetic change associated with increased susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) at this location.
This is the common, non-risk genotype found in the majority of the general population.
Increased risk profile
Carrying one copy of the T allele is associated with a higher statistical risk of developing age-related macular degeneration compared to those with the GG genotype. This variant, often referred to as A69S, is a well-documented genetic factor in both wet and dry forms of AMD.
This heterozygous genotype is common in many populations and is frequently observed in clinical studies of AMD.
Highest risk profile
This homozygous genotype is strongly associated with an increased risk of developing age-related macular degeneration. Research indicates that individuals with this genotype have significantly higher odds of developing both wet and dry AMD, including specific features like reticular pseudodrusen, compared to those without the T allele.
This genotype is less common than the others but is significantly enriched in individuals diagnosed with age-related macular degeneration.
What is rs10490924?
The variant rs10490924 is a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) located on chromosome 10q26. In scientific literature, it is frequently referred to as the A69S variant because it results in an amino acid change from alanine to serine at position 69 of the ARMS2 protein. This specific location is part of a complex genetic region that includes the HTRA1 gene. Because rs10490924 is in strong linkage disequilibrium with other nearby variants, including an insertion/deletion mutation in the 3' untranslated region of the ARMS2 gene, it is often difficult for researchers to determine which specific change is the primary driver of disease risk. Consequently, rs10490924 serves as a reliable proxy marker for the entire risk-associated genetic block in this region.
The Role of the ARMS2 Gene
The ARMS2 gene, which stands for Age-Related Maculopathy Susceptibility 2, is primarily expressed in the retina. While its exact biological function remains a subject of ongoing research, studies suggest it may play a role in mitochondrial function or the regulation of the complement system, which is part of the body's immune response. Some research indicates that the risk-associated version of the gene may lead to lower levels of the ARMS2 protein or instability in its mRNA. Despite these observations, the precise mechanism by which these genetic changes contribute to the development of macular degeneration is not yet fully understood. Scientists continue to investigate how these molecular changes influence the health of the retinal pigment epithelium and the overall integrity of the eye's visual structures.
Research and Association Strength
The association between rs10490924 and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is considered strong and has been replicated across multiple ethnic populations. Numerous meta-analyses and case-control studies have consistently shown that individuals carrying the T allele have a significantly higher risk of developing both dry and wet forms of AMD compared to those with the G allele. Research has also explored how this genetic risk interacts with environmental factors, such as smoking, which can further elevate the likelihood of disease progression. While the statistical evidence linking this variant to AMD is robust, it is important to note that genetic risk is only one piece of the puzzle. Many people with the risk genotype do not develop the condition, and many without it still do, highlighting the complex interplay between genetics, environment, and aging.
Population Frequency
The frequency of the rs10490924 risk allele varies across different global populations. While specific percentages can fluctuate based on the study cohort, the T allele is widely recognized as a common risk factor in many populations. Because this variant is so prevalent, it is frequently included in genetic screening panels for eye health. It is important to remember that population-level frequencies provide a broad context but do not predict the health outcomes of any single individual. Genetic testing results should always be interpreted in the context of a person's overall health history and clinical evaluation by an eye care professional.
What This Information Means for You
Learning about your genotype for rs10490924 can provide insight into your genetic predisposition for age-related macular degeneration. However, it is crucial to understand that this is not a diagnostic test. Having the risk genotype does not mean you will definitely develop AMD, nor does the absence of the risk genotype guarantee protection against the condition. If you are concerned about your eye health, the most important step is to schedule regular comprehensive eye exams with an ophthalmologist or optometrist. These professionals can monitor your retinal health and provide personalized advice based on your clinical presentation. You should never use genetic information to make medical decisions or change your lifestyle without first consulting with a qualified healthcare provider who can interpret these results alongside your full medical history.
How common is this variant?
The T risk allele is common across many populations, with frequencies often reported in the range of 20% to 40% depending on the specific ancestry studied.
Frequently asked questions
Does having the T/T genotype mean I will get macular degeneration?
No, having the T/T genotype does not mean you will definitely develop macular degeneration. It only indicates that you have a higher statistical risk compared to those with the G/G genotype, as many other genetic and environmental factors contribute to the disease.
Can I change my risk if I have the T allele?
While you cannot change your genetics, you can manage modifiable risk factors. Research suggests that avoiding smoking and maintaining a healthy diet are important for overall eye health, and you should discuss personalized prevention strategies with your eye doctor.
Is there a cure for the genetic risk associated with rs10490924?
There is currently no way to 'fix' or remove a genetic variant. Medical research focuses on managing the symptoms and progression of AMD through clinical treatments, which you should discuss with a retina specialist.
Should I get a genetic test for this variant?
Genetic testing for AMD is a personal decision that should be made after consulting with a healthcare provider. A doctor can help you understand if such testing is clinically useful for your specific situation and family history.
Sources & further reading
Educational information only, last refreshed 10/4/2026. Not medical advice — these associations describe population statistics, not individual predictions.
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Get my report — $29Related variants in ARMS2
Promoter variant in the ARMS2/HTRA1 locus; a primary risk factor for Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD).
This variant is a well-established genetic risk factor associated with an increased susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration.
This SNP is highly associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and is part of the complex 10q26 genetic risk locus.
A key, well-verified risk variant for advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD).