FSHB rs11031010: What Your Genotype Means
The rs11031010 variant is a single nucleotide polymorphism located in the promoter region of the FSHB gene. It is statistically associated with variations in circulating follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels, age at menarche, and reproductive lifespan.
What each genotype means
Typical FSH levels
This is the most common genotype for this variant. Research indicates that individuals with this genotype generally exhibit standard circulating levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) compared to those carrying the T allele.
Carried by approximately 76% of individuals in European populations.
Intermediate FSH influence
Carrying one copy of the T allele is associated with variations in circulating FSH and LH levels. Research suggests this genotype may influence reproductive timing and hormone regulation, though the clinical significance for any individual remains limited.
Carried by approximately 23% of individuals in European populations.
Elevated FSH influence
Individuals with this genotype are more likely to show higher serum levels of FSH and LH. These hormonal differences have been statistically associated with variations in reproductive lifespan and menstrual cycle characteristics in population studies.
A rare genotype, found in approximately 1% of individuals in European populations.
Understanding the rs11031010 Variant
The rs11031010 variant is a specific change in the DNA sequence found within the promoter region of the FSHB gene. A promoter is a regulatory segment of DNA that acts like a switch, determining how much of a specific protein is produced by a gene. Because this variant sits in a regulatory area rather than the protein-coding sequence itself, it is thought to influence the expression levels of the FSHB gene. Researchers study such variants to understand how subtle differences in gene regulation can lead to observable differences in human physiology. While this variant is frequently discussed in the context of reproductive health, it is important to note that it is just one of many genetic and environmental factors that contribute to complex biological traits. Genetic associations are statistical in nature, meaning they describe patterns observed across large groups of people rather than predicting a specific outcome for an individual.
The Role of the FSHB Gene
The FSHB gene provides the instructions for creating the beta subunit of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). FSH is a vital glycoprotein hormone produced by the pituitary gland that plays a central role in human reproduction. In females, it is essential for the development of ovarian follicles and the regulation of the menstrual cycle. In males, it is critical for the production of sperm. The hormone is composed of two subunits: an alpha subunit, which is shared with other hormones like luteinizing hormone (LH), and the beta subunit, which is unique to FSH and determines its specific biological activity. Because the beta subunit is the limiting factor in the production of the functional hormone, variations in the FSHB gene—particularly in its promoter region—can potentially alter the amount of FSH circulating in the blood. This, in turn, may influence various reproductive processes, including the timing of puberty and the duration of the reproductive window.
Research and Evidence Strength
Scientific research has identified associations between variants in the FSHB promoter and reproductive traits, such as age at menarche and the length of the reproductive lifespan. Studies have utilized genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to link these genetic markers to circulating hormone levels. However, the evidence strength for rs11031010 specifically is considered limited. While some studies suggest that certain alleles at the FSHB locus correlate with lower FSH levels and longer menstrual cycles, these findings are often part of broader investigations into the FSHB gene's regulatory landscape. It is crucial to recognize that reproductive health is highly complex and influenced by a vast array of genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors. Consequently, a single SNP like rs11031010 provides only a very small piece of the puzzle. Current research continues to refine our understanding of how these variants interact with other genes and lifestyle factors to influence human development and fertility.
Population Frequency
The frequency of the rs11031010 variant varies across different ancestral groups. In European populations, the minor allele frequency (MAF) is approximately 0.15. This means that the variant is relatively common, appearing in a significant portion of the population. Because allele frequencies can differ substantially between global populations, findings from one group may not be directly applicable to another. Researchers often look at these frequency differences to better understand the evolutionary history of the gene and its impact on human health across diverse backgrounds. Understanding these frequencies is a standard part of genomic research, helping scientists determine whether a specific genetic association is consistent or if it is influenced by the unique genetic architecture of a particular population.
Interpreting Your Genetic Information
Information about genetic variants like rs11031010 is intended for educational purposes and should not be used to make medical decisions or self-diagnose. Genetic associations are based on population-level data and cannot predict individual health outcomes. If you have questions about your reproductive health, hormone levels, or fertility, it is essential to consult with a qualified healthcare provider or a reproductive endocrinologist. They can interpret your clinical history, perform necessary diagnostic tests, and provide personalized guidance. Never use genetic data to alter medications or treatment plans without professional medical supervision. If you are interested in how your genetics might influence your health, consider discussing these topics with a genetic counselor who can help you understand the limitations and context of genetic testing results.
How common is this variant?
The rs11031010 variant has a minor allele frequency of approximately 0.15 in European populations, making it a relatively common genetic marker.
Frequently asked questions
Can I use this SNP to predict my fertility?
No. Genetic variants like rs11031010 are associated with population-level trends and cannot predict individual fertility or reproductive outcomes. Fertility is a complex trait influenced by many factors beyond a single genetic marker.
Does this variant mean I have a hormone imbalance?
Not necessarily. Having a specific genotype does not equate to a clinical diagnosis of a hormone imbalance. If you have concerns about your hormone levels, you should consult a doctor for appropriate blood testing.
Is this variant linked to menopause timing?
Some research suggests that variants in the FSHB gene are associated with the timing of menopause. However, this is a complex process, and this specific SNP is only one of many factors involved.
Should I change my lifestyle based on this result?
No. You should not make lifestyle or medical changes based on a single genetic variant. Always consult with a healthcare professional before making decisions regarding your health or wellness.
Sources & further reading
Educational information only, last refreshed 9/29/2026. Not medical advice — these associations describe population statistics, not individual predictions.
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This missense variant in the FSHB gene is associated with spermatogenic impairment and abnormal sperm counts.
Promoter-adjacent variant linked to FSHB expression, influencing basal follicle-stimulating hormone levels, menstrual cycle duration, and twinning propensity.
Pathogenic loss-of-function variant causing isolated follicle-stimulating hormone deficiency leading to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.
Functional promoter variant in FSHB influencing serum FSH concentrations and reproductive lifespan.
Variant in the promoter region of FSHB associated with altered follicle-stimulating hormone levels, timing of menarche, and female reproductive lifespan.
Located in the promoter of FSHB (c.-211G>T), this variant downregulates follicle-stimulating hormone transcription and is strongly associated with male infertility traits (oligozoospermia) and altered female reproductive lifespan.